Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 29

Case Study Example Each of the hospitals has their own unique culture that can either help or prevent the coping ability of the employees with the stress of working in their demanding environments. As the individual in charge of socializing the new nurses, I would first communicate the desired behaviors through either written or verbal communication. I would ensure that I role model the required behaviors on daily basis. I would also develop a mentorship program for them to encourage them to engage in a two-way communication and build confidence in them in their early career. This will ensure that they remain motivated all the time. I would also create a time out for some few hours to give them a break from their works and make them feel rejuvenated. There are various challenges that hospitals face when creating a culture that helps in the reduction and management of stress among the employees. One of them is that they have to come up with a creative strategy of ensuring that they manage on the time spent on motivating employees. The reason is that the hospital has to continue with its normal operations while the supportive culture is still going on. Thus, they have to divide the employees into shifts to take them out in shifts for instance, and this can be costly in the long run. Secondly, some hospitals lack the required time to motivate their employees in the required levels. This is considering that hospital nurses, doctors and nurses are under pressure on time and they have to give their undivided attention to patients. If the hospital lacks enough number of nurses, doctors and staff, then coming up with an organizational culture to reduce and manage stress levels in the hospital might be difficult (Ivancevich, Konopaske, & Matteson, 2013). There was a certain organization that I worked for that had inadequate employees. The few employees that worked there had high-stress levels and had to deal with a lot in the organization setting. Thus, the

Critique of the Ramayana Modern Prose Translation Essay Example for Free

Critique of the Ramayana Modern Prose Translation Essay In a just world, Mr. R. K. Narayan’s estate would be responsible for reimbursing seventeen-fifty, plus applicable taxes, to all those who purchased the Penguin Classics 2006 publication of his book, The Ramayana: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic. Stated clearly on the back of the cover is the promise that R. K. Narayan â€Å"recounts [The Ramayana] with the narrative flair of a master novelist’’. The back cover lied. Narayan’s re-telling condenses the epic poem so much to the point of nearly listing a series of events. No matter the inspiration, Narayan’s The Ramayana is still a story, and should therefore be able to stand on it’s own as a captivating tale—with further literary research or expansion being used to enhance it’s appeal, not explain it. Arguably, the ‘narrative flair’ of this re-telling is little more expressive than unsolicited summaries found on the Internet, and without further literary aide or instruction, does not stand as a solid piece of literature. What is worse, is that instead of allowing a greater breadth of readers to relate and experience tale of the Ramayana, new readers are alienated by it’s convoluted atmosphere. While the task is grand, Narayan’s translation is not listed as an aide to a larger, more in-depth version; it is still a novel and as such needs to be able to stand strong in its own right when evaluated alone. People who have no prior knowledge of the original Sanskrit story, and who have not been raised with the Hindu epic as a part of their life, should be able to pick up this book, read it, and—regardless of how far the tale may go in global history—be able to enjoy one hundred and fifty one pages of literature, without having any prior knowledge, or requiring further research. Having more knowledge, and doing more research on the original epic tale should increase what readers are able to receive from the book, but it should not be necessary in order to understand it. As it stands, without knowing the original tale, new readers are left with very little literary flow and a patchy depiction of what is supposed to be a lush world. At one point, while Bharatha and Rama argue as to who should be the rightful king, their entire episode is related with: â€Å" The argument went on at a highly academic and philosophical level, the entire assembly watching with respect. (Narayan 60) That assertion does not express a deep academic and philosophical argument, but rather states that one was occurring; the reader doesn’t get to experience what transpired between the brothers, or garner any emotion from it. It goes on to almost quite literally depict the event with a he-said/he-said monotony: So be it; if I have the authority—then I confer it on you as the ruler,† said Bharatha at one stage. â€Å"On my command as the ruler, if you desire to think so, you shall be the King. † It went on thus. Rama went on repeating that there could be no word higher than that of a father; no conduct other than obedience to it. Throughout he referred to Kaikeyi in the gentlest terms and always as â€Å"mother†. (Narayan 61) The listed manner in which the plot is unfolded by Narayan’s re-telling is barely more narrative as a piece of literature than an excerpt from that of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia: Bharatha refuses to profit from his mothers wicked scheming and visits Rama in the forest. He requests Rama to return and rule. But Rama, determined to carry out his fathers orders to the letter, refuses to return before the period of exile. However, Bharatha carries Ramas sandals, and keeps them on the throne, while he rules as Ramas regent. (Wikipedia Contributors) There is very little more efficiency or flair in Narayan’s telling, and in fact, Wikipedia depicts the stages of the long tale with better clarity; if the prose is not going to be linguistically lush and evocative, it may as well be clear (Wikipedia is not only clear, but free of charge as well). It is of course not a simple task to undertake translating an epic poem from a rhythmic language, into prose with a language devoid of the same musicality. However, to the novice reader of The Ramayana, they would not know the difficulty of the task, and thus—however harsh it may seem— should not be a factor in the reviewing of the story as it stands alone. Narayan was by no means an incapable writer, and as winner of numerous awards and accolades—not the least of which being multiple nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature (Rajnish Wattas), he does not need defending that he has great ability as a writer, yet the bottom line remain that when it is stripped of further discussion, research, and introductions, The Ramayana: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic just does not stand on it’s own as captivating modern prose. With nearly each new episode of the tale, Narayan prefaces the action with even more listed information, take for example the introduction to the chapter of Vali: The characters in the drama that follows are Vali, Sugreeva, Hanuman, and Rama. The action takes place in the mountainous forest regions of Kiskinda, a kingdom ruled and inhabited by monkeys. In the Ramayana, the articipants are not only human beings, but many others from God’s creation, intelligent, cultured and with their own achievements of spirit as well as physique: Jambavan was a bear, Jatayu was an eagle, Lakshmana—Rama’s brother—was himself a human incarnation of the Great Serpent Adisesha in whose coils Vishnu rested. (Narayan 90) Again, the story is told by listing statements of what is going on. As with the landscape, and even the characters themselves, nothing is depicted in the story-writing of the prose, but stated, as if the entire epic was a news article being reported by Narayan, as opposed to a vivid history with grand escapades and extreme characters. By translating an epic tale from poetic verse into shortened modern prose, the objective is ultimately to enable a broader audience to relate to and appreciate a classic tale. Poetry is a secluded literary world that does not have the mass appeal that modern prose does; yet Narayan’s re-telling is too constrained and overwhelmed by the amount of story condensed into it. By trying to constrain the length of the story to allow for more readers to get through it, Narayan’s ‘master narrative flair’ seems lost, and the epic tale is a heavy list of events that merely occur on the page.

Workplace Ethics Starbucks Case Study

Workplace Ethics Starbucks Case Study 1.0 Introduction What is workplace ethics? Workplace ethics is a group of moral principles, standards of behavior, or set of values regarding proper conduct in the workplace. Workplace ethics are most often related in decision making processes because it is the most important responsibilities that we place on the leaders of organization is upholding the highest standards of ethical behavior. Ethics at workplace refer to choosing the option that is determined to be the moral or right choice. Starbucks is one of the world’s most ethical companies. Starbucks makes conscious efforts to be a responsible company and conduct business in an ethical manner. In its business, Starbucks was proud of it ethical ways in doing their business. They are through community, sourcing, environment, diversity and wellness. Starbucks has openly display its commitment to being socially responsible and they want their customers to know exactly how they doing. In Starbucks, Business Ethics and Compliance is a program that supports their mission which is â€Å"To inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time.† It helps to protect their culture and their reputation by providing resources that help partners make ethical decisions at work. Starbucks has makes conscious efforts to fulfill its company’s mission. The majority of reports received by Business Ethics and Compliance involve employee relations issue that provides alternative reporting mechanisms as part of a comprehensive ethics and compliance program. Starbucks believes that conducting business ethically and striving to do the right thing are vital to their success. The program develops and distributes awareness materials, including the Standard of Business Conduct. In social responsibility, the Standard of Business Conduct is a statement of some of the company’s expectations of how they conduct Starbucks business, consistent with their mission and core value. In workplace, Starbucks has emphasis in three sectors of their employees. First, are global human rights, their commitment to basic human rights as a core component of the way they do business and how they engage with their partners. Second is equal employment opportunity, their non-discrimination policy help the large number of their employees have a steady working situation. Third is health care, their support for healthcare reform that allows them to continue to offer affordable coverage to our partners. 3.0 Case Study Starbucks lead by its CEO Howard Schultz is an international coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the largest coffeehouse company in the world with 16120 stores in 49 countries. Products of Starbucks include drip brewed coffee, espresso-based hot drinks, other hot and cold drinks, snacks and items such as mugs and coffee beans. Many products are specific to the location of the stores. Starbucks Italian styles coffee, espresso beverages, teas and confectionaries had made it one of the world’s biggest specialty coffee chain. With the intention of communicating to employees and customers of the values and principles that the company upholds, Starbucks Coffee Company has outlined its mission statements; â€Å"To inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time† (â€Å"Our Starbucks Mission† ,n.d ) . Even though Starbucks has a unique style of combining both Mission Statement and Vision Statement ( Garfieldml, 2012) its meaning is clear and concise. Viewing the statement in ethical perspective relating to its workplace it can be broken down into 4 key principles: Ethical sourcing of coffee – meaning a holistic approach to ethically source the highest quality coffee carefully blending, roasting and packing fresh. Our partner where Starbucks refer to its employees will be treated with respect and dignity with safeguarded by health coverage. Ethical environment stewardship – are committed to the conservation of environmental resources. 3.1 Critical and Main Issues Starbucks commitment to ethical practices in the workplace environment is reflected in its setting up of a Standard of Conducts for its partners. The main ethical issues addressed in the code of conduct can be broadly categorise as commitment of partners to provide quality service to customers, conducive workplace environment for the partners and emphasis on integrity and fairness on all dealings. Commitment to provide quality service Partners should be committed not to harass or discriminate against customers, protect customers’ health and safety by following all proper procedure relating to storage, handling, preparation and providing service for Starbucks products. Conducive working environment Consistent with global human rights standard, Starbucks promote equal opportunity in its hiring and promotion practices make decision solely on job related criteria. Employment of partners under age of 18 will take into consideration legal requirement of age, hour task and ensure the partners’ education, health, safety and mental or physical development is not affected. Starbucks partners should respect each other’s dignity. All partners are entitled to work in an environment that is free of harassment, bullying or discrimination. Officers are assigned to enforce the rules and practices pertaining to workplace health, safety and security to safeguard the partners. Starbucks is committed to comply with laws and regulation applicable to wages. It emphasizes that work performed should be compensated accordingly. Thus partners compensated on basis of hours must report accurately (Ali., Haris, Arslan, Jan., Asad-ud, Bashir., Sufwan, Usman, Ali, n.d). Starbuck College Achiever Plan motivates all benefits eligible partners to complete a bachelor degree with full tuition reimbursement through Arizona University top-ranked degree programs, delivered online (‘Working At Starbucks n.d ). Emphasis on integrity and fairness on all dealings Partners must be committed to work fairly and honestly with government official and are not permitted to influence outcome by exchanging bribes. Partners must be truthful and straightforward in their dealing with government so as to meet high ethical and legal standard. Sales practice and advertising must compete on merit of product and services and communication with customers must be accurate and truthful. Partners committed to fair and open competition and must not use unethical means to eliminate competitors or control market price. Partners are prohibited from offering, giving, soliciting or recovering any form of bribe or inducement. Partners must ensure accuracy and integrity of Starbucks corporate reports and honest in disclosure of information to the authority. 3.2 Starbucks Application of Relevant Organizational Behaviour Principles and Concepts To monitor and enforce the ethical conduct of its partners at the workplace Starbucks had developed asset of Standard of Business Conduct which is a resource distributed to all partners to help them make appropriate decision at work. To further help the partners facing with ethical problems Starbucks had set up a Business Ethics and Compliance unit headed by a partner resource. Considering partners who are not comfortable facing an officer to report unethical practices, Starbucks Ethics and Compliance Helpline is an avenue to report issues through free phone call. This facility operates 24 hours every day. Ethics And Compliance Webline is another way for partners to ask for guidance which can be submitted anonymously and treated in confidential manner. The above enforcement measures reflect Starbucks attempt to promote ethical behaviour at the workplace by applying the concept of motivation by rewarding partners through fair wages and benefits, interpersonal communication with the resource partner of the Business Ethics and Compliance to assist in preventing and resolving problem and the most important is through setting up a structure standard code of behaviour to modify the behaviour of its partners. All these efforts had resulted in the company being awarded one of the most ethical companies by Ethisphere for the year 2007 to 2012 Allegra strategies had also voted Starbucks as the ‘Most Ethical Company , European Coffee Industry for the year 200 to 2011 (Ali et.al n.d). 3.3 Criticizes or Comments First and foremost, we would like to have some comments on the critical issues of Starbucks identified by us in our study. Those issues found by us are the commitment of Starbucks to provide quality service to customers, the providing of a conducive working environment for employees and the emphasis on integrity and fairness on all dealings in the company. It is very important for a company to have commitment to provide quality service to customers. This is because it will increase the satisfaction of customers towards the company. The quality service provided will act as Starbucks’s competitive advantage to create loyal customers. Starbucks’s reputation can also be enhanced through the spreading of news about the good service provided by the company through blogs and social media. This will attract more customers and increase the revenue of Starbucks. A working environment which is conducive is a key element to the performance of the employees and also is one of the individual rights for the employees. The work environment creates behavioural patterns in human development and has both physical and psychological influences on employees in the company. A harmonized and comfortable environment will increase the productivity and job satisfaction of employees. When the employees are in a peaceful environment without any disturbance or unethical problems created by others in the company, they can be more focused in their work and put more effort in it as well as have a better performance. The emphasis on integrity and fairness on all dealings by Starbucks is a key factor to support the ethical principles which are individual rights and distributive justice. Managers that are being fair and integral can avoid conflicts happen between employees and a peaceful as well as friendly working environment will be created in the company. This will also enhance employees trust on Starbucks and improve their loyalty to the company. In conclusion, we have positive comments on the main issues in Starbucks and they are quite important to support the ethical principles. 4.0 Recommendations After studying about the topic that we chose that is ethics at workplace, we found that there are many ethical practices practised by employers as well as employees in Starbucks which is the company that we chose. We have some suggestions on how they can further improve practising ethics in Starbucks. First of all, we suggest Starbucks to use ethical screening for job applicants during interview. Ethical screening is the process of checking these job applicants against certain moral standards and removing those who do not conform. This can be done by checking the resumes of those applicants which contain the behavioural information that reflects the attitude of the applicants. The interviewers should also interview them about how they managed the ethical issues faced by them at their previous workplace and how they are going to solve the ethical problems cases when they face them in the future. Besides, they should also make sure the applicants share the same ethical values with the company and will maintain them on the job. This can prevent one unethical employee to have a bad influence on others in the company that may ruin the good image of an ethical company. Moreover, Starbucks can expose new employees to the company’s code of ethics, code of conducts and ethical decision making process during the orientation to improve the ethics in the company. The company’s codes of ethics and conducts act as its conscience and provide a common ethical reference point for employees. By reviewing these conducts, employees will know about what they should do and what they should not do in the company. They also know whether the issues appear in the future are considered ethical or not ethical according to the company’s code of ethics and code of conducts and solve it with the best and necessary solution. Furthermore, Starbucks can improve ethics in the company by providing ethics training workshops for all employees annually to supplement ethics codes. The managers that organise these training workshops should provide some real cases with ethical violations of Starbucks’ ethics code and let them think carefully and discuss among themselves about what they should do for those scenarios. After that, the managers should teach them the correct and best solutions to solve these kinds of ethical problems. Through these workshops, the employees will know what to do when they face these kinds of ethical issues in the future and the relationship between employees will also be enhanced through the interaction in the workshop as well as build trust between each other. We also recommend Starbucks to strengthen the ethics which are individual rights and distributive justice of the work unit by rewarding those employees with ethical behaviours equally and punish those with unethical behaviours through work goals and performance appraisals. The managers should praise those employees that achieve the goals in an ethical way or even give them a certificate for being an ethical employee to encourage them. This will also act as a motivation for other employees. At the same time, they should give the same punishment to those employees with unethical behaviour by giving them a warning letter so that they will not do it again in the future. This can also act as an example for other employees so that they will not make the same mistake as these unethical employees. By doing this can avoid developing moral confusion in the company. The next suggestion for Starbucks is the managers or the direct supervisors of the employees should model appropriate behaviours in themselves as they are actually the most important ethics reference point for the employees. Ethical behaviours in a company start at top management because the employees tend to follow the behaviour and action of their managers towards an ethical issue. It has a greater influence on employees compared to the stated policies of the company. Therefore, the words and actions of the managers should always be aligned with the company’s code of ethics and code of conducts. They should act with integrity all the time in order to maintain an ethical workplace. In conclusion, there are many other ways that Starbucks can further improve ethics in the company other than what we suggest here. Improving ethics at workplace is very important in order to be a famous company with good image and quality as well as employees and employers can work together harmoniously without creating any unethical issues on behalf of the company and the customers. 5.0 Conclusion Starbucks is one of the most ethical companies in the world. Starbucks was proud of it ethical ways such as community, sourcing, environment, diversity and wellness in doing their business. It has openly display its commitment to being social responsibility. The program of Business Ethics and Compliance is to support their mission and help to protect their culture and reputation. Starbucks has emphasis their employees into three sectors which is global human rights, equal employment opportunity and health care. In Starbucks, they are using three principles in workplace ethics. First is utilitarianism, it can divide into two types which are act-utilitarianism and rule-utilitarianism. Second is distributive justice who means sharing of the benefits and burdens of our lives among people. Third are rights, rights played a central role in ethics and it is important to ensure that the freedom and well-being of each individual will be protected when others threaten that freedom or well-being. There are 3 key principles in Starbucks. (1) Ethical sourcing of coffee, (2) Our partner and (3) Ethical environmental resources. The main ethical issues addressed in Starbucks’s code of conduct for its partners can be categories as commitment of partners to provide quality service to customers, create a workplace environment which is conducive for the partners and emphasis on integrity and fairness on all dealings. After study, we found that there are many ethical practices practiced by employers as well as employees in Starbucks. Starbucks should use ethical screening for job applicants during interview. Starbucks also can expose new employees to the company’s code of ethics, code of conducts and ethical decision making process during the orientation to improve the ethics in the company. Besides that, Starbucks can improve ethics in the company by providing ethics training workshops for all employees annually to supplement ethics codes. Moreover, Starbucks also need to strengthen the ethics which are individual rights and distributive justice of the work unit by rewarding those employees with ethical behaviours equally and punish those with unethical behaviours through work goals and performance appraisals. Last but not lease, Starbucks should model appropriate behaviours in themselves as they are actually the most important ethics reference point for the employees.

Chinese Violation of the United Nations Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treat

In this day and age, society operates in constant threat of terrorism, war, and nuclear fallout; the rapid growth of international militaristic power contributes to the ever-present fear in the back of all of our minds. None of us can go through the day without hearing a newscaster or radio personality talking about the growing threat that Iran or Afghanistan or North Korea poses to the global community, but there is one State that we hear of. This threat works in a much vaster environment, and shrouds itself in cloaks of secrecy and deception – China. Although the Chinese tend to evade the mass media frenzy that constantly reports on foreign threats, their underrated affairs are nothing less than lethal. Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of the People’s Republic remains to be their nuclear incubation programs – a violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of the United Nations that they agreed to nearly twenty years ago. The Chinese deny any kind of nu clear programs they have attained domestically, and refuse to affiliate themselves with supposed partnering nations such as Iran. While the Chinese attempt to cover up any trace of their nuclear enhancement programs, the country has a long history of nuclear development. During his Great Leap Forward, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong made attempts to attain nuclear arms and create a nuclear program for his people that would help them in the future (Terrill 14). China currently acquires 13 nuclear reactors, with 25 more in the works that will quickly be followed by more, all growing in sophistication and innovation; the country will probably become self-sufficient in nuclear design and construction in the years to come (WNA 1). The Chinese have contracts with severa... ...on in modern society. Doesn’t quite sound like the country that agreed to stop the spread of nuclear technology and propaganda, does it? The Chinese struggle to keep a faà §ade of indifference and innocence when it comes to nuclear affairs, but the facts tell a different story. Over the past decades, China has accumulated millions of nuclear arms, enhanced its nuclear capabilities through the creation of scores of sophisticated nuclear facilities, and forged powerful and hazardous relations with increasingly volatile nations in the Middle East. The China of today is a far cry from the country (or illusion of a country) that promoted pacifistic, diplomatic means – their poorly hidden nuclear programs and their alliances with dangerous counterparts has clearly put them in violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act that they signed nearly half a century ago.

The Architecture of the One New Change in City of London

â€Å"Stealth Fighter† was the ocular inspiration for Atelier Jean Nouvel who invited by Land Securities to a limited competition for the redevelop of the One New Change Site. The site is located in a really critical and historic point in London and in the bosom of the City of London. City of London is a alone country taking London economic sciences by giving work to more than 370.000 people. The 70 % of the edifice in the City of London are Offices for Financial and Business Services. Although the City is a place of about 10.000 occupants, a acquisition centre of over 29.000 pupils, a national centre, a house for art and cultural heritage but besides a finish for every visitant by giving a high quality of environment through its development. The One New Change’s location is something really sensitive as the site is lied straight face-to-face of the St Paul’s Cathedral. A 1950s Portland rock and ruddy brick building was occupied before the site. The edifice was designed by Victor Heal and was originally constructed for the Bank of England. Although it had been criticized for being out of day of the month and when they asked to go a listed edifice it described as â€Å" the worst provincialism † . Besides a missive to the Times signed by many outstanding art historiographers said that it would do â€Å" a really bad neighbour for the St Paul’s Cathedral † . In 2003 Land Securities the proprietor of the site arranged a competition for the redevelop of the One New Change Site. Atelier Jean Nouvel, which supported by Arup, won this competition and the design of the new undertaking started in serious in 2004. The new design of the One New Change is situated to the E of St Paul ‘s Cathedral and it is bounded by Cheapside to the North, Bread Street to the E, New alteration to the West and Watling Street to the South of the Site. The proposed strategy of the new edifice is a new mixed-use development with retail and offices. The new development design embodies the rules of high quality design, that attract the people to a well-designed and sustainable topographic point where could work and loosen up. A new 6 floors constructing with more than 20 000 m2retail topographic point, stores and associated installations designed at the cellar, land and first floor degrees and with more than 30 000m2floors of offices above up to about 51.80m tallness. Besides on the top eating house, cafe , saloon and unfastened public infinite designed carefully for the roof degree. The new retail stores unfastened seven yearss a hebdomad giving life to the City of London as during the weekend the most of the stores are close. Besides it offers a shelter infinite for the tourers who visit the City of London, as it is located between the St Paul’s Cathedral, Tate modern, the Millennium Bridge, the Barbican and Bank. As the edifice was criticized during the design procedure that a new shopping promenade will construct following to the St Paul’s Cathedral ; Peter Rees the City’s of London main contriver answered that: â€Å"This isn’t a shopping promenade. This is a high street reborn.† He is right as the new design is location among three alive streets in the fireplace of the City of London and the purpose of the designer was to make a assorted community of stores, eating houses, coffeehouse, office workers, shoppers and tourers. The design represents the modern-day metropolis centre where young person, elderly, workers and households could all portion the high quality designs. In 2003 when Land Securities asked from the Atelier of Jean Nouvel to take part in the limited competition for the redevelop of the One New Change some inquiries were critical for the design and development of the site: â€Å" Therebuilding of the block bounded by New Change, Cheapside, Bread and Watling Streets must enrich the full vicinity. There are inquiries to reply: how makewefinish the bing system of shopping streets? How do we construct following to St. Paul’s Cathedral In a manner that pays court and is in duologue? How do we make a roof landscape, worthy of being viewedfromthe Dome, anattractive,sober, roof landscape that is â€Å" initstopographic point † in harmoniousness with the environing rooftops? † The location of the site is so of import as the site is situated merely 60m to the E of the St Paul’s Cathedral so some issues took into history during the construct and develop design. One of the vital and large issue was the â€Å"St Paul’s Heights† and protected position ordinance. The new design respect the ordinances for the â€Å"St Paul’s Heights† and protected position and a new 6 floors constructing about 51.80m height that it is merely the one tierce of the Cathedral tallness, It is proposed and designed carefully for the One New Change Site. â€Å"In response to turning concern that of import positions of the Cathedral would be obscured by the exalted constructions being erected in the vicinity.† The concluding proposed design creates two prosaic back streets in between the new edifice. These prosaic back streets are chiefly associating Cheapside with Watling Street and Bread Street with New Change ; with the New Change being unfastened to the sky. The two back streets meet in the centre of the edifice, making a cardinal point to the dome of the St Paul’s Cathedral. The stores and offices are organized around, where a lift gives to the populace a bird's-eye entree to the roof through the cardinal atrium that is besides provides natural visible radiation to the office floors. The Atelier of Jean Nouvel had clever used this ordinance of â€Å"St Paul’s Heights† to carve an unfastened public roof patio that gives to the populace wholly new positions of the St Paul’s Cathedral and the City of London. This ordinance is good known to anyone involved with any edifice in the City of London. However, this ordinance is straight related with the demands of â€Å"St Paul’s Depths† as London was an outstation of the Roman Empire and this heritage is protected the resistance. In 1935 the Act3was passed for the protection of the St Paul’s Cathedral, because through the old ages, some amendss had happened to the Cathedral as a consequence of some foundation motions from different beginnings. This was statute law in relation to deep basis with the â€Å"St Paul’s Depths† to protect and safe the cloth of the Cathedral from farther amendss. The One New Change needs to follow the ordinances of the â€Å"St Paul’s Depths† as is located merely 60m E of the St Paul’s Cathedral, but when the building phase started the site was founded in shallow foundations. The cellar of the new design had to widen down to the London Clay encroached the statute law and the Act3about the â€Å"St Paul’s Depths† . It was the first clip where the diggings in such deep proposed with in the country. So it was truly of import from the design squad and the client to proof that no harm will do to the Cathedral after the completion of the diggings will hold the minimum consequence to the Cathedral’s foundation. After a batch of observations and surveies one of the cardinal inquiries was if there would be any alteration in the groundwater government at the Cathedral’s foundations. So a batch of appraisals and studies of land motion during the diggings and motion monitories took topographic point and eventually they proofed that no effects will happened to the Cathedral’s foundation. However in the phase of the developed design a missive from the Prince of Wales to the Land Securities about the design of the new proposed edifice created a batch of treatments for the design and the stuffs, that the designer chosen for the edifice. The Prince made clear to the client that the Atelier Jean Nouvel approached wrong the site and he called for an alternate house to take over the sensitive site paces of the St Paul’s Cathedral. The reply from the designer Jean Nouvel was that: â€Å"What you regulate is what you get.†

The 28 Best Liberal Arts Colleges in the Country

The 28 Best Liberal Arts Colleges in the Country SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are a lot of different ranking systems out there for almost any type of college you can imagine. Even though these rankings purport to use sophisticated algorithms and calculations, all the final lists seem to differ from each other. How should you be able to figure out what the best liberal arts colleges are when there so many different ranking systems out there? I did the work for you by considering many of the top lists and compiling rankings of liberal arts colleges; in the beginning of this article, I'll lay out how exactly these ranking systems work. I then organized schools based on tiers, not by specific rankings - this gives you a better sense of the realistic and respective caliber of these schools. If you're looking for a realistic, reliable ranking list for the best liberal arts colleges in the country, then you're in luck. How Are These Schools Ranked? There are many methodologies for ranking any type of school - they often involve complicated formulas, taking all sort of variables into account. How can you quantify exactly how good a school is, especially in relation to so many others? Well, you can’t, exactly. But if you consider concrete variables that people care about, you can get a pretty solid idea of whether a school is good or not. I’ve pored over some of the most popular lists that rank liberal arts colleges and looked into what measures are used when determining a school's quality. If some of these factors are more important to you than others, you can use those preferences to guide your college admissions decisions. The methods used to calculate each school’s ranking tend to take the following variables into account: Undergraduate Academic Reputation Education experts (like deans, provosts, and presidents) are surveyed on their opinions of each school’s academic excellence. What do leading experts think about a particular school’s offerings? Retention How many students who started as freshman return each year, and end up graduating? The greater this percentage, the higher the retention rate; the higher the retention rate, the better the ranking. Faculty Resources What’s the average class size? How well are professors compensated? How many professors have the highest degrees available in their field? The more access that students have to professors and the happier and more educated professors are, the higher the school’s ranking on this criterion. Student Selectivity The more competitive the students are who attend a school, the better its score. Students with impressive abilities and ambitions are thought to contribute positively to an institution’s academic environment. Variables used to assess selectivity include admissions rate, average GPA, and average standardized test scores (SAT and ACT). Financial Resources Ranking systems consider schools’ per-student spending - the higher the amount, the better the ranking. More spending per student generally means more resources and opportunities available to the student body. Alumni Giving Rate If alumni are happy with their undergraduate experience, they tend to give more. Greater giving rate = higher ranking. Top Liberal Arts Colleges Rankings There are some definite patterns in looking over some of the most popular liberal arts ranking lists (including US News World Report, Niche, Forbes, and College Choice). All of these lists will have their own ranking systems, so schools’ exact place on the list will tend to differ, even from year to year. What’s more helpful is if you can get an idea of where these colleges stand in relation to each other on average. I've separated schools into 4 tiers, with Tier 1 including the highest ranking schools. There's no specific rankings within schools; they're simply listed in alphabetical order. I've also included each school's ranking on several lists. Tier 1 Schools SCHOOL US NEWS NICHE FORBES COLLEGE CHOICE Amherst 2 6 4 1 Bowdoin 4 1 8 14 Middlebury 4 7 14 6 Pomona 4 2 1 4 Swarthmore 3 16 3 3 Williams 1 3 2 2 Tier 2 Schools SCHOOL US NEWS NICHE FORBES COLLEGE CHOICE Carleton 8 4 12 25 Claremont McKenna 9 9 6 12 Haverford 12 12 7 17 Vassar 12 17 10 8 Washington and Lee 14 8 11 9 Wellesley 4 10 9 10 Tier 3 Schools SCHOOL US NEWS NICHE FORBES COLLEGE CHOICE Bates 25 24 15 Colgate 19 18 15 7 Davidson 9 20 13 23 Grinnell 19 11 21 Hamilton 14 19 22 13 Harvey Mudd 14 5 Oberlin 23 33 19 46 Smith 14 21 25 22 Wesleyan 14 5 5 16 Tier 4 Schools SCHOOL US NEWS NICHE FORBES COLLEGE CHOICE Barnard 29 14 16 26 Bucknell 32 13 17 28 Colorado 25 22 30 Franklin and Marshall 40 32 27 Macalester 23 26 29 Reed 93 35 23 32 Union College - NY 38 29 40 University of Richmond 32 23 20 How Do You Get Into These Colleges? Follow these steps to come out on top. The first step in getting into any of the top liberal arts colleges is figuring out how competitive of an applicant you are. If you click on the name of any of the schools in the chart above, you'll be directed to PrepScholar's admission page for that college. You can get more information about admissions rates, average GPA, and average ACT/SAT scores. There's even a tool built into the pages to help you estimate your chances of admission. Many of the top tier schools are very competitive, with admissions rates 20%. If you want to strengthen your application, work on: Getting the best possible SAT/ACT scores Getting fantastic letters of rec Boosting your extracurricular activities What's Next? It's time to get to work! If you have your eye on one (or more) of the schools above, figure out what SAT score you should be aiming for. Are you worried that some parts of your application might be a little weak for your target schools? Learn about what to do if you have a low GPAor low test scores. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Best IB Math Study Guide and Notes for SL

The Best IB Math Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips IB Math SL and IB Math HL are two of the toughest classes in the IB curriculum. It’s no surprise if you need a little extra help in either class. I’ve compiled this article of the best free online materials for IB Math SL/HL so you can get all the IB Math notes you need in one place. For convenience, I ordered the resources following the IB Math SL/HL syllabus. How To Use This IB Math Guide If you’re in search of information on one topic, use the Command + F function on your computer to search this guide for that specific topic. For instance, if you want to read about Algebraic Sequences, use Command + F to bring up the search function. Type â€Å"Algebraic Sequences,† and you’re computer will show you all of the study materials for Algebraic Sequences. I split the material into three categories: Broad Notes: Longer (generally 3-10 pages) that provide an overview of most or all of the subjects covered in a topic. Specific Subject: Shorter summaries of specific subjects within a topic. Video: demonstration videos of how to solve past paper problems related to the subject. Common Study Errors IB Math SL/HL Students Make IB Math SL/HL cover a lot of material. With so much material, you can’t afford to fall behind because you won’t be able to catch back up. You need to master the subjects during the school year in order to excel on the IB Math SL/HL papers. Common errors are: Ignoring the material you don’t understand. If you didn’t understand it from your teacher, you need to look for outside help, possibly in this IB Math study guide or for even more help consider tutoring. Only studying right before the IB Math SL/HL papers. As I said before, there are too many topics for both courses to master in only a couple weeks (that’s why these courses are spread over a couple years). Master the subjects when you’re learning them in class. Use this study guide or hire a tutor if you need extra help: Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Core Topics- 140 Hours for SL and 182 Hours for HL For IB Math SL and HL, all students study the topics listed below. Here are a complete set of IB Math notes. Complete IB Math Overview: Standard Level This 167-page set of notes includes every topic covered in IB Math SL. It's definitely not something you want to read in one night, but it's great to reference as you review different IB Math topics. It's highly organized, so you can search the table of contents to find the exact topic you want to study. Topic 1: Algebra Broad Notes: Topic 1: Algebra Specific Subject: Arithmetic and geometric series Arithmetic and geometric sequences Binomial theorem Completing the square Number sets, approximation, and scientific notation Videos: Arithmetic Sequences and Series Geometric Sequences and Series Sigma Notation Exponents (Laws and Solving) Logarithms (Laws and Solving) Binomial Theorem Topic 2: Functions and Equations Broad Notes: Topic 2: Functions and Equations Specific Subject: Composite function Concept and notation Exponentials and logarithms Exponential functions Factor theorem Inverse function Quadratic functions Quadratic forms Quadratic functions Transformations Functions Videos Functions (Domain and Range, Composite, Inverse) Functions (Transformations) Factorising Quadrants Completing the Square (Quadratics) Discriminant Test Rational Functions (Asymptotes and Sketching) Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Sketching Functions With a Calculator Topic 3: Circular Functions and Trigonometry Broad Notes: Topic 3: Circular Functions and Trigonometry Specific Subject: Equations of lines Trig ratios Sine and cosine rules Trigonometry Videos Radians, Length of Arc, Area of Sector Unit Circle and Trig Ratios Trig Identities Trig Graphs (Circular Functions) Solving Trig Functions Sine and Cosine Rules, Area of a Triangle Degrees vs Radians Topic 4: Vectors Broad Notes: Topic 4: Vectors Specific Subject: 2D and 3D lines Basic vector arithmetic Intro to vectors More on lines Scalar product Videos Vectors: Basics Scalar Product and Angle Between Two Vectors Vector Equation of a Line Intersection of Two Vector Lines Topic 5: Statistics and Probability Broad Notes: Topic 5: Statistics and Probability Specific Subject: Binomial distribution Probability rules Probability Set theory Logic review Representations of probability Continuous variables Discrete variables Standard deviation Statistics representations Stats vocabulary Using normal distributions Normal distribution Two variable statistics Videos Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance Bivariate Statistics Venn Diagrams and Probability Conditional Probability Probability Distribution Binomial Distribution Normal Distribution Topic 6: Calculus Broad Notes: Topic 6: Calculus Calculus I Calculus II Specific Subject: Derivatives by first principle Intro to derivatives Derivatives of more complex functions Derivatives part 1 Derivatives part 2 Intro to integration Indefinite integrals Kinematics Limits Local max and min Optimization Tangent and normals Volumes of revolution Videos Differentiation Rules Equation of a Tangent Optimisation and Calculus Curves Integration Rules Integration by Substitution Volume of Revolution Kinematics Options- 48 Hours for HL Only IB Math HL students study one of the following four options listed below. There are fewer written notes for these topics, but you still have many videos and practice questions to use for your review. Topic 7: Statistics and Probability Videos Practice questions: Discrete random variables Practice questions: Probability density functions and cumulative distribution functions Practice questions: Correlation Practice questions: Regression Topic 8: Sets, Relations, and Groups Videos Practice questions: domain and range Practice questions: inverse functions Topic 9: Calculus Videos Practice questions: Maclaurin's series Practice questions: Taylor's series Practice questions: Exact equations (integrating factors) Substitution types Topic 10: Discrete Mathematics Videos Summary: The Best IB Math Study Materials IB Math has six Core Topics that both SL and HL students study, as well as one of four Options that HL students will also study. There are many free IB Math notes and study resources available online, especially when compared to other IB classes, which often have few high-quality online resources. This makes it easier to keep up with what you're learning in IB Math and be prepared for all the exams for the class. There are multiple types of IB Math study resources, including general study guides, in-depth notes, and videos you can watch. Try out each of them to see which ones work best with your study style. Remember, you want to study early and consistently in order to be well prepared throughout the school year. What’s Next? Learn more about IB Math: Every IB Math Past Paper Available: Free and Official Looking for more resources for IB Math review? Check out our articles on trig identities, completing the square, finding the mean of a set of numbers, and calculating statistical significance. Learn more about other IB classes: IB Biology Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Business and Management Past Paper Available: Free and Official Where to Find IB Chemistry Past Papers - Free and Official Every IB Geography Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB History Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Economics Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB English Past Paper Available: Free and Official The Complete IB Extended Essay Guide: Examples, Topics, and Ideas Where to Find IB Physics Past Papers - Free and Official Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Principles of Macroeconomics Essays

Principles of Macroeconomics Essays Principles of Macroeconomics Essay Principles of Macroeconomics Essay Principles of Macroeconomics Name: Institution: Course: Date: Principles of Macroeconomics The consumer price index measures the overall costs of consumer goods and services purchased by a typical consumer. The consumer price index is measured as follows Consumer Price Index = price of basket of goods and services in current year/price of basket in base year*100 (Mankiw, 2011) A = 1.25*125/100 = 1.562 B = 1/1.34*100 = 74.63 C = 1*100/146 = 0.684 The consumer price index measures the change in living standards over a specified period. An increase in the consumer price index means that consumers will have to spend more today for the same quantity of goods. For instance, the consumer price index rose from 100 to 125 in 2007. The consumer price index is therefore used to measure the inflation in an economy. Inflation refers to the increase in the price levels in the economy. The following are the rates of inflation in 2007 and 2009 Inflation rate is calculated as follows CPI in the second year-CPI in the first year/CPI in the second year*100 Inflation rate in 2007 was 25%, calculated as follows 125-100/100*100=25% The inflation rate in 2009 was 95.6%, calculated as follows 146-74.63/74.63*100=95.6% The high increase in the inflation rate seen in 2009 can be attributed to the fact that the consumer price index in 2008, decreased from the previous year. There were lower prices that year, compared to the base year. In the following year, the market prices at that time were higher than the base year prices, and this caused the consumer price index to increase. GDP measures the total spending of goods and services in an economy. While the consumer price index measures the prices for different consumers, GDP measures the overall cost for an economy. Some of the items used to measure the consumer price index are not included when measuring the GDP. For instance, the consumer price index includes all the goods and services that the consumers purchase, regardless of whether they are imports. When calculating the GDP imports are not included, since the GDP only measures the goods and services produced in the country. Real GDP measures how the production of products changes over time, using past prices, fixed at some point. Nominal GDP on the other hand measures the cost of production using the current prices. The nominal and real GDP of prices would differ because of the inflation rate. When calculating real GDP, the prices used are constant. When calculating nominal GDP, current prices are used, and they reflect the change of inflation. Real GDP is not affected by the changes in price, but it is affected by the quantity of output. Since nominal GDP is measured using current prices, it is affected by the output and the changing prices. Thus, measurements in real and nominal GDP would differ because of the two factors. If the inflation in the country is high, such as the case in 2009, the nominal GDP will increase significantly, but the real GDP will not reflect these changes. Real GDP is used to compare the economic growth in different countries over a specified period. High GDP is usually good for the economy, but it may also be a cause of inflation, either because of the increase in prices or because of increase in money supply (Boyes Melvin, 2010). References: Boyes, W., Melvin, M. (2010). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Cengage Learning Mankiw, G. N. (2011). Principles of macroeconomics. New York, NY: Cengage Learning

Concept Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Concept Analysis - Research Paper Example Fortunately, these are steadfast and always find a place for the duty of care as this form the tenets of their profession. This is the place of nursing in our contemporary set up. The importance of those in the profession is largely ignored by the public and their value is only recognized when one is need of their expertise. It is this maligned nature of the profession that has strengthened the call for â€Å"the heart of nursing†. The heart of nursing is an apparent reference to a set of qualities that a nurse needs to discharge their duty in oblivion of the external factors that would otherwise affect successful discharge of commensurate duties. This is a key part of ensuring successful delivery of nursing care in light of pandemic ailments affecting the world populace (Schnatz, 2007). In trying to understand nursing and what it encapsulates we must try to look at the underlying enablers of nursing care. It should be noted that nursing as a practice is as strongly reliant on professional education as it is on human duty and obligation to care for others. Notably, in primitive societies where the decision to be a nurse (caregiver) was made on behalf of a person at birth the successful discharge of nursing duties was still possible. ... In the midst of these informal means of gathering nursing expertise the sole or the basic drive was the willingness to care given the plight of patients. The fact that nursing has been existent since antiquity and the knowledge that the first formal nurse training school was established in 1872, nurse training school of Women’s Hospital of Philadelphia, further underlines the duty for care or compassion as the most fundamental aspect in nursing (Egenes, 2010). Method of concept analysis and why this method was chosen In discussing compassion as nursing’s most precious asset or as the most dominant altruistic ideal in nursing care this study adopts Chinn & Kramer’s (1991) approach to concept analysis. Chinn & Kramer (1991) identify the purpose of their concept analysis approach as â€Å"producing tentative definition of the concept and a set of tentative criteria for determining if the concept ‘exists’ in a particular situation (88). Under this appro ach the first step is selecting the concept, clarifying the purpose, identifying the sources of data, exploring context and values and formulating criteria. Data sources Data to be used in the concept analysis will be derived from existent studies on nursing care and specific review of compassion and compassionate care as a key ideal in nursing. A host of this information is published in peer reviewed journals and professional websites which have sought to explain and research on nursing. Equally important will be historical data on the place of nursing in our society as well as the foundations and prerequisites of being a successful care giver. In essence, this analysis envisions that successful care giving as a factor is determined by the compassion of the care

STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

STRATEGIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - Term Paper Example Countless NPOs, in some countries referred to as NGOs, work for various causes and spend their entire fortune on their causes. Such organizations may include SOS Home Villages, UNESCO, UNICEF, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Red Cross organizations, and many others (Rottman, 2012a). Similar to these organizations is another one known as the United Services Organization (USO). The USO is an American organization committed to the morale boosting and the spiritual enhancements of the American troops and their respective families all over the world. It is an organization which supports and aids the US troops spiritually. This organization serves the US troops in nearly 14 countries worldwide, 27 states nationwide, with nearly 250,000 volunteers working hard in 160 centers worldwide (Howell, 2011). Ethical Significance Considering the ethical and moral values of the USO, we will find a very strict policy regarding the organization’s mission statement and conduct. The USO was form ed back in 1941 during the Second World War, bringing the nation together to boost the morale of the American troops. It did the same during the Vietnam War and is continuing to do so in the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. The USO also serves for the medication and rehabilitation of all those injured soldiers who lost their vital body parts. The ethical values of the volunteers in this organization are extremely strict. They have a set of rules or a mission statement which must be followed. They include Do the Right Thing, Respect, Collaboration, Excellence, Accountability, Gratitude and Innovation. Working in the jurisdiction of USO, a volunteer must follow these principles. In return, volunteers are provided with various gifts according to the USO policy. These policies are very similar to those of every other functional NGO, as all these organizations have strict moral and ethical guidelines which a volunteer has to follow. The volunteers are not given any financial advantage, but t he volunteership provides them with various gifts and invaluable credits (Rottman, 2012b). Capital Budgeting With such an inflow of donations and funds from different organizations to USO, these funds must be spent in a proper budgeted manner in various fields. According to the financial statement of the USO, there have been total expenses of nearly $300 million by the 31st of December of 2011. The expenses of various processes of the USO are determined (Howell, 2011). According to their expenditure statistics, almost $228 million were spent on contribution of materials, facilities and services. This is the largest proportion of expenditures for the USO, which mainly includes medical support for all injured troops and facilities provided to various troops during their operations at the camps. After these expenditures, come the maintenance programs of various USO camps throughout the world, which required a budget of nearly $33 million in 2011. These expenditures include all maintena nce and day-to-day office work charges, which each camp particularly requires. Other than these expenditures, $35 million were nearly spent on various programs the USO conducted: the camp shows for the entertainment of troops, and the general public awareness programs, for which the USO pays to create awareness in the

The development of education in Qatar throughout the last 10 years Term Paper

The development of education in Qatar throughout the last 10 years - Term Paper Example It must be realized that for the economy to flourish, these private sector companies must also be majorly occupied by the national residents of Qatar. It is argued that the previous educational system of Qatar, although well-structured and developed, did not produce competent enough individuals that can rise to the challenge and be the driving force for such private industries. With so much conflict in the Middle East, it is educational to see how countries like Qatar have managed to cope with the challenge of development amidst these adversities. The leadership in the Arabian Gulf nation of Qatar played a big contribution in giving focus to the educational department believing that it is the key to their economic and social progress (Brewer et al., 2007). It has been observed that in the past their educational system has not produced very good outcomes and their approach was very rigid, outdated and even obsolete to try and compete for world-class quality of education. It was believed that their education must also be on a par with their initiatives for social and economic changes that will catapult them into global competency. During the past years, the Qatar education has taken major reforms in order to augment their outdated system. With the modernization of society and the emergence of the expanding role of women, they have focused on giving larger roles and involvement to them, which was traditionally and historically avoided. They have also opened and developed satellite universities involving top educational institutions with high repute in the world-class quality of education. But a country like Qatar is very traditionalist and it is important to observe how they managed to implement drastic and decisive changes to their traditionally rigid form of doing things. Qatar has a unique status in the world’s economy because of its vast energy resources and

Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime - Essay Example This is to to judge whether participation in property-related acquisitive crimes (in particular, shoplifting) can or can not be linked to HHC and other drug based use. These studies have pertained to the subjective and objective justifications or rationalisations behind the participation of the subjects in property-related acquisitive crimes. There is also then an attempt by these researchers to establish the nature and extent of this link. The paper concludes by assessing the views on both sides of the debate and suggesting a way forward. Illicit drug use and substance abuse has become a dominant political and security concern over the past few decades. Academics and criminologists have not only identified the problem as being based around crime, dependency and ill-health but have studied the historical and pathological trends in the "problem" and the roles of the medical and legal responses and policy frameworks in this regard. ( Barton, A. 2003) . This has of course included the complex nature and broad impact illicit drug use has carried with it.The problem should be understood in its wider criminological perspective i.e. that given the illicit nature of drug use the typical recreational or casual user will avoid approaching the state agency for treatment for the fear that the law may treat him harshly.This has called for a need to have organisations that are " non-threatening and non-judgemental". (Barton, A. 2003).Academics have also stressed on the role of outreach workers in this regard and the perception gaps between state agencies and voluntary agencies as they are perceived by drug-using clients. Gilling and Barton (2005) citing Barton .A (2003) have stated that this "perception gap has increased recently given the encroachment of the criminal justice system into the treatment aspect of drug users". Acquisitive Crime In order to understand the relationship between Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime it is worth looking at the meaning and context of what is actually encompassed by the term "Acquisitive crime". According to the Home Office definition this category covers " property crime" thus bringing with in its ambit Theft, Burglary, Motor Vehicle Crime, Fraud and Counterfeiting etc.The most important of these to the present discussion from a criminological and statistical perspective are Burglary,Vehicle Related Crime and Retail Crime due to their correlation with drug and substance abuse and illicit use of drugs.Infact the link between drugs and crime is overall the premise of Government policy on Crime prevention.This can be seen from the recent Home office research(ADAM 1999-2002) which has actually demonstrated a 'statistical link' between levels of illicit drug use and Acquisitive crime a view shared by many academics like Holloway, K., Bennett, T. & Lower, C. (2004) and Baron.A (2003).The rese arch (ADAM 1999-2002) pertained to the interviews of offenders involved in drug use in relation to their tendencies to commit crimes like burglary, shoplifting and fraud and it was revealed that over three fourth of these offenders confessed to committing one or more of these acquisitive crimes over the past one year and this was particularly

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Public Relations - Essay Example Wilcox (2011), stated that public relations might comprise the following activities, training of a company’s employees, conservation of the environment, compensation of damages or lives lost because of a tragedy caused by the activities of an organisation. Public relations in BP plc BP plc is a British multinational oil and gas company that has faced constrained public relations over the past years. According to studies by Reed (2011), BP plants have had the highest number of industrial accidents among gas and oil companies, which have resulted in the loss of lives and severe environmental pollution. The most memorable industrial accident that BP suffered was the DeepWater Horizon oilrig explosion that further resulted to oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in the year 2010. Reed (2011) further pointed out that the DeepWater Horizon explosion resulted to loss of lives and injuries. Because of these recurring accidents, the company has suffered negative publicity, which has amounte d to doubts being raised about how BP handles its industrial accidents. With the aim to correct this negative publicity, the organization is bound to build a mutual co-existence with the locals in the areas that the company operates. Secondly, the company should employ compensation measures as a public relations strategy and focus on enhancing its internal organizational image, that is to say, how the workers view and feel about the company (Seitel, 2010). BP’s public relations measures from the organizational perspective . In order to maintain positive working environment and efficient working relationship between the workers and the organization’s management, the company should consider compensating the victims and family members of any person who lost his or her life during any accident involving the company. In order to maintain a good organizational image, BP should establish a special compensation department whose sole mandate is to assess the extent of loss or i njuries suffered by workers while performing their duties. According to Seitel (2010), the compensation granted should not necessarily amount to monetary payments only but it can also be negotiated on the nature of the compensation to be granted. The workers could agree with the company that in case one losses his/ her life because of industrial accident while on duty, the company could alternatively offer an employment opportunity to any member of the deceased family who is eligible for that position or any other vacancy in the organization. With such public relations program arrangement with the staff, the company is bound to enjoy healthy relationship with its workers and further have a flexible means of compensation in case of any industrial accident occurring. BP’s societal public relations measures Apart from building a positive organizational public relation with its staff, the company also has a duty to present itself as part of the solutions to the society’s p roblem and not the problem. According to Wilcox and Cameron (2011), the company should engage in activities that promote the well-being of the immediate society within which the organization operates. In the events of the oil spillage in the Gulf of Mexico, BP faced public outrage from environmental conservatist and the community members who were anglers in the area. The impact of the oil spillage was devastating to the marine life within the location of the spillage. Most notably

The Roles of the Colonial American Woman in the Revolutionary War Essay

The Roles of the Colonial American Woman in the Revolutionary War - Essay Example In the common days, the man was the headmaster of the household and women is assigned to take care of their children. If women have no husbands, or they became widows, or they come out to a decision to end up their relationship by which it resulted to a divorce but it was difficult to be granted at that time. However, the court finds a way to solve this kind of status of widows and spinsters and allows them to live apart. Although, this is not an easy situation to women because they must be married first before they can manage and own the property of her deceased husband. The woman's role was presumably as a single parent and also the head of the family if the woman is not sedentary married. The women must cater her family with food, made clothing, domestic essentials, cleaned house, and supervised the children. (Norton, M.B., pp. 196). The wife has some legal rights that enforced the ordinary law on the era of revolutionary. It was mentioned that "the women could not hold any proper ty of her husband until they are not separated by the law". The husband has the legitimate right to beat her wife for being disobedient. These were the times that women are treated just servants by their master or even by their husband. The woman had no privileges to marry without the prevision of her master. The punishments on their unfaithfulness may subject to fines or even the extension of their service to their master. When a child was born during in the time of service of her mother, that child will also suffer the same kind of mistreated of what her mother suffered and could possibly be publicly abused. In other half, women are separated into two kinds in the years of Revolutionary Era which includes the White Women and Black Women.   White women are always located in city. They could find some jobs such as being a maid, cook, and babysitter without any restriction on the community and even in the Government of Revolutionary War.   Unlike with the white women, black women are treated as the servant. A kind of women who serves on the house as well on the field. (Lerner, G, 1988) The Revolutionary Era has the law that involves about the Interracial Marriage by which the black slave women experienced sexual exploitation and was also abused in which there was no legal reason for them to experience this kind of abuse. These mistreated natures that only the black women who have been always the victims happened in the countries of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts but still black women survived and they underwent all the kind of jobs as possible. Being barbers, midwives, sextons, and blacksmiths are just some of the common jobs they encountered. Again, there are few women who are being mistreated. Women should not be handled in this way. They should be treated just like with the ordinary people should. (Lerner, G,1988) Meanwhile, Colonial American Women had different major groups: the Native Indian Women, the African Women, and the European Women in the Era o f Revolution. Each group has very different cultures and the roles played in their communities and to their families.  

Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime - Essay Example This is to to judge whether participation in property-related acquisitive crimes (in particular, shoplifting) can or can not be linked to HHC and other drug based use. These studies have pertained to the subjective and objective justifications or rationalisations behind the participation of the subjects in property-related acquisitive crimes. There is also then an attempt by these researchers to establish the nature and extent of this link. The paper concludes by assessing the views on both sides of the debate and suggesting a way forward. Illicit drug use and substance abuse has become a dominant political and security concern over the past few decades. Academics and criminologists have not only identified the problem as being based around crime, dependency and ill-health but have studied the historical and pathological trends in the "problem" and the roles of the medical and legal responses and policy frameworks in this regard. ( Barton, A. 2003) . This has of course included the complex nature and broad impact illicit drug use has carried with it.The problem should be understood in its wider criminological perspective i.e. that given the illicit nature of drug use the typical recreational or casual user will avoid approaching the state agency for treatment for the fear that the law may treat him harshly.This has called for a need to have organisations that are " non-threatening and non-judgemental". (Barton, A. 2003).Academics have also stressed on the role of outreach workers in this regard and the perception gaps between state agencies and voluntary agencies as they are perceived by drug-using clients. Gilling and Barton (2005) citing Barton .A (2003) have stated that this "perception gap has increased recently given the encroachment of the criminal justice system into the treatment aspect of drug users". Acquisitive Crime In order to understand the relationship between Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime it is worth looking at the meaning and context of what is actually encompassed by the term "Acquisitive crime". According to the Home Office definition this category covers " property crime" thus bringing with in its ambit Theft, Burglary, Motor Vehicle Crime, Fraud and Counterfeiting etc.The most important of these to the present discussion from a criminological and statistical perspective are Burglary,Vehicle Related Crime and Retail Crime due to their correlation with drug and substance abuse and illicit use of drugs.Infact the link between drugs and crime is overall the premise of Government policy on Crime prevention.This can be seen from the recent Home office research(ADAM 1999-2002) which has actually demonstrated a 'statistical link' between levels of illicit drug use and Acquisitive crime a view shared by many academics like Holloway, K., Bennett, T. & Lower, C. (2004) and Baron.A (2003).The rese arch (ADAM 1999-2002) pertained to the interviews of offenders involved in drug use in relation to their tendencies to commit crimes like burglary, shoplifting and fraud and it was revealed that over three fourth of these offenders confessed to committing one or more of these acquisitive crimes over the past one year and this was particularly

The Roles of the Colonial American Woman in the Revolutionary War Essay

The Roles of the Colonial American Woman in the Revolutionary War - Essay Example In the common days, the man was the headmaster of the household and women is assigned to take care of their children. If women have no husbands, or they became widows, or they come out to a decision to end up their relationship by which it resulted to a divorce but it was difficult to be granted at that time. However, the court finds a way to solve this kind of status of widows and spinsters and allows them to live apart. Although, this is not an easy situation to women because they must be married first before they can manage and own the property of her deceased husband. The woman's role was presumably as a single parent and also the head of the family if the woman is not sedentary married. The women must cater her family with food, made clothing, domestic essentials, cleaned house, and supervised the children. (Norton, M.B., pp. 196). The wife has some legal rights that enforced the ordinary law on the era of revolutionary. It was mentioned that "the women could not hold any proper ty of her husband until they are not separated by the law". The husband has the legitimate right to beat her wife for being disobedient. These were the times that women are treated just servants by their master or even by their husband. The woman had no privileges to marry without the prevision of her master. The punishments on their unfaithfulness may subject to fines or even the extension of their service to their master. When a child was born during in the time of service of her mother, that child will also suffer the same kind of mistreated of what her mother suffered and could possibly be publicly abused. In other half, women are separated into two kinds in the years of Revolutionary Era which includes the White Women and Black Women.   White women are always located in city. They could find some jobs such as being a maid, cook, and babysitter without any restriction on the community and even in the Government of Revolutionary War.   Unlike with the white women, black women are treated as the servant. A kind of women who serves on the house as well on the field. (Lerner, G, 1988) The Revolutionary Era has the law that involves about the Interracial Marriage by which the black slave women experienced sexual exploitation and was also abused in which there was no legal reason for them to experience this kind of abuse. These mistreated natures that only the black women who have been always the victims happened in the countries of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts but still black women survived and they underwent all the kind of jobs as possible. Being barbers, midwives, sextons, and blacksmiths are just some of the common jobs they encountered. Again, there are few women who are being mistreated. Women should not be handled in this way. They should be treated just like with the ordinary people should. (Lerner, G,1988) Meanwhile, Colonial American Women had different major groups: the Native Indian Women, the African Women, and the European Women in the Era o f Revolution. Each group has very different cultures and the roles played in their communities and to their families.  

Best Practices in Managing the Human Factors of HR Management Literature Review Essay Example for Free

Best Practices in Managing the Human Factors of HR Management Literature Review Essay Human Resource Management is one of the most significant functions in an enterprise. However, there are different factors that are impacting on HRM. Human Factors has its origins in the Industrial Revolution and emerged as a full-fledged discipline during World War II. It was recognized that aircraft cockpit design needed to consider the human interface for controls and displays. Design Engineers were focused on the technology while Industrial Psychologists worked to optimize the interface. In some cases, Human Factors design can affect bottom-line profitability or can be a life and death matter, e. g. , you dont want to push the wrong button or mistake meters for kilometers in a spacecraft. Companies came to realize that a products success is dependent upon good Human Factors design. Human Factors are very important for the successful operation of the company. The term human factors is to a large extent synonymous with the term ergonomics Human Factors Integration Research with Defense Technology Center is Human Factors Integration is the process adopted by a number of key industries (notably defense like United Defense and hazardous industries like oil gas like Shell) in Europe to integrate human factors elements into the systems engineering process. Although each industry has a slightly different domain the underlying approach is the same. HFI undertakes this by conducting a formal process that identifies and reconciles human related issues. These issues are split for convenience into domains. Manpower The number of military and civilian personnel required and potentially available to operate, maintain, sustain and provide training for systems Page 2 Personnel The cognitive and physical capabilities required to be able to train for, operate, maintain and sustain systems. Training – The instruction or education, and on-the-job or unit training required to provide personnel their essential job skills, knowledge, values and attributes. Human Factors Engineering The integration of human characteristics into system definition, design, development, and evaluation to optimize human-machine performance under operational conditions. Health Hazard Assessment Short or long term hazards to health occurring as a result of normal operation of the system. System Safety – Safety risks occurring when the system is functioning in an abnormal manner. Strengths: Indentifying the Problem, Evaluation and solving issues Weakness: Psychological Human Factors are not treated. Motorola’s Human Factors Engineering One of the best Practice in Managing Human Resource is HFE, Firstly implemented by Motorola, USA in 1984 is considered as the best for employees. In Research with HFE, Motorola is commonly thought of as how companies design tasks and work areas to maximize the efficiency and quality of their employees work. However, Motorola HFE comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody Human Factors principles if well designed. Strengths: Employee Determination at work, Safety Health and Low Stress methods. Weakness: More importance to Leisure time and found some Low Production. Page 3 Encourage Employee Development Growth of a company is closely linked to employee development within the organization where each employee plays a vital role in the success of the company. Employee growth has direct and indirect benefits. More knowledgeable, skilled and capable employees directly impact your company’s ability to satisfy customers, resolve problems and crises, and adapt to changing market conditions. Paying for an employee’s continuing professional education, for example, can help your company gain expertise in new technologies and markets, which can save you money in the long run. This type of practice is found in Coco Cola, where are often send to Trainings on different process. Strengths: Motivational to Employee and Long Retention periods. Weakness: Cost effective and Time Taking Process. Work Life Balance The term â€Å"work life balance† was coined in 1986 in response to the rising trend Human Factors in Development of the Company. The employee Psychological benefits are taken into consideration with many instructions like Stay positive, stay in control, Stay healthy, Divide and de-clutter, Keep stress under control and other safety measures. This helps the companies to maintain good relations with the employees and make them as the best factor of production. In Research with General Electric which follows Work Life Balance as a practice to develop Human Factors. Strengths: High Production Facility, Long Retention and Safe Employee and Company Relations. Weakness: Only limited to Companies with Large Scale of Production Facilities. Page 4 Corporate Mentoring Programs Corporate Mentoring Programs are like teaching classes where employees are motivated to the work and work environment, making employee coordinated towards work. Therefore, companies have started to place greater emphasis on personal attributes while selecting and developing staff. This brings a number of benefits to the business, not the least of which is a cohesive team. On going development of employee potential is critical for business success. Corporate mentoring programs are effective in quickly ramping up employee performance because they facilitate the transfer of business knowledge in a way that is not quite possible in regular training. Strengths: Every Effective Approach in Developing Human Factors, Human Psychological Advantage and Growth Oriented. Weakness: Very Systematic Approach. Metrics to Evaluate the Practices Human Factors Integration (HFI) implemented by Defense sectors is only related to Large Scale industries although it has all the factors of Human Factors. Key Performance Indicator of Human Factor Integration(HFI) is the Objective oriented and Specific Tasking. Motorola’s Human Factors Engineering is also related to tasking and other relations, not dealing with the Psychological factors of the Employees. Encourage Employee Development is training method to make them work in stress and problems, No personal and physical importance is not given to the employees. During this Research we found that the best Practice that develops the Human Factors in the company is Corporate Mentoring Programs, where the employees are motivated on the work and provide various benefits including safety and stress free work Page 5 environment. Research with Minnesota University, I found that more than 80% of the companies in United States uses this Corporate Mentoring Programs. References †¢ Creating a Mentoring Culture: The Organizations Guide, 2007 †¢ A Strategic Approach To Corporate Mentoring Programs, CEO World Magazine, 2006 †¢ Human Factors Methods – Robert Stanley – Edition 2, 2006 †¢ Ergonomics Society, UK †¢ Human Resource Management Programs at Human Factors and Ergonomics Society †¢ Research Center for Work Safety and Human Engineering, Technion, Israel. †¢ Motorola HR Practices, www. motorola. com

How Reading Can Benefit Our Knowledge Education Essay

How Reading Can Benefit Our Knowledge Education Essay Proverb says reading is warehouse of knowledge. By reading we can get a number of knowledge and information that is being developed or have evolved though. Anyway, all is never separated from the act of reading. In particular, the student or students for these jobs require them to read. That is read, read, and continue readings. As a hunter of science, the book is a major source of knowledge for them. Hence, reading something that is very important in our lives if we want to succeed in life. There are lots of understanding about the reading by some of the figures. Among Klein, ddk (in Faridah Rahim, 2005: 3) that make the definition of reading includes: first, reading is a process. The point is the information from the text and the knowledge possessed by the reader has a key role in the form of questions. According to Harris and Sipay (1980) described the process of reading as a process for the interpretation of the meaning of the symbols printed or written. In addition, Kenedy (1981) also defines reading as the ability to detect a visual form (graphic symbols that represent the language and the writing or words), connecting it with the form of sound or meaning of the note and then based on past experience, understand and interpret its meaning. For Mohairaini Yusoff (1989), has concluded the process of reading as a complex treatment and cannot be observed. Only two components of the agreed key skills inherent in the reading skills of skills to recognize and condemn the w ords and the skills to understand what is read. Reading is something that should be in our lives as human beings as long as we live on this Gods earth. Reading is the roots strength of an individual, but of a nation and a country. Without someone to read that there would be no knowledge or experience, without the knowledge and experience of how someone is able to govern or to lead a country and family. Therefore, reading is something very important in life if we want to succeed. In addition, reading is a science which is important to us. Many forms of knowledge can be gained by reading habits, but the reading can improve a person thinking and enhance their skills or expertise in any field of endeavor. Reading also benefited as the reading we can fill the free time and with these we will not waste time with things that are not useful as is happening now is like illegal racing activity, loitering, and so forth. In fact, reading can calm the mind and reduce the burden and to read, we can disseminate the knowledge gained from reading to others. Now we can also read and heard through the mass media in our country Malaysia, the ministry tried to set up various programs to encourage people to read because we are Malaysian government is aware that people are not reading less knowledgeable, and this will affect the performance of our country. Among the programs are held at each school talks about the importance of reading to enhance knowledge, sales day books, NILAM program at the school, the programs readers and many programs have been organized. This program is held by the ministry in collaboration with the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MALAYSIA and also the school. From here we can see the importance of reading to the individual, especially the students and students of higher education. To get a good future they must have a high knowledge and to get the high knowledge they must reading and have reading habits inside them. They must think reading is not just to fulfill their field in their study but they must think reading is to make a knowledge that is really treasure for them. Here we will know the higher education student skill in reading. This means that how they read, for what they read and how they interpret their reading into study or their works. Beside that we also can know the important of reading for the higher education student. How the faculties keep their student in reading habits and what programs that already being handled to keep the student reading. ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND The research of mine will be conducted in Universiti Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Shah Alam. My research scope will be among student of Faculty Information Management (FPM). UITM was establishing on 14 October 1967 by Tun Abdul Razak and by the mid-70s, but at that time the campus was already in full operation. Now UITM have 26 campuses. It is including UITM Campus Puncak Perdana. Campus Puncak Perdana was establish in the year of 2005.There are 3 Faculty in this campus, it is Faculty Information Management, Faculty Account, and Faculty Technology Creative and Artistic. Faculty of Information Management, UiTM, takes pride in being the pioneer in providing professional education to fulfill the manpower need of the country in three very important fields, namely: Information Management, Library Management, and Records Management. Our academic programmes, supplemented by industry attachments, equip graduates with knowledge and skills to take on the challenging demands of managing information in various forms and in various types of organizations. Our graduates become the main driving force for the development of a knowledge-based society, transforming Malaysia into a developed nation, ensuring that the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rich reservoirs of knowledge are systematically organized, maintained and enhanced for optimum value. To achieve this aim, the programmes consist of the blended components from four main areas: Information Technologies, Professional and Technical Aspects of Information and Records Management, Public Relations, and Usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Needs and Services. To achieve the goal of the Information Management Faculty, the student must active reading and they must have the skill to manage their reading, information, knowledge, information literacy, become the information proficiency and many more. The student must have good reading habits to become the skilled persons. Having good reading habits will make them professional in this field. The students also know how to handle the information from overload because they have skills because of their habits in reading. Although, Faculty of Information Management produces good workers on manage the information and they also produce the librarian. So, here they need to produce a program to increase the reading habits among students. Before they can conduct program, they must have the reading habit. From this they can conduct and handle student and people to have reading habits and they can give their experience on reading habits. PROBLEM STATEMENT Reading habits is very important to students especially student in higher education. They need to read more than other people. This is because students have to read to broaden their knowledge. Not to read just for school assignments, but read to give them knowledge. With this knowledge, they can complete their tasks quickly and have knowledge of their contents. In addition, reading can also prepare students to stand up and speak in front of the class, especially in the presentation works. Without reading difficult for them to speak fluently to describe the contents of their hard work and also to answer questions raised by colleagues and lecturers. Therefore, we have the knowledge to read high. However, the students reading is just to finish their assignment not for keep their knowledge. They think that finish their assignment is more important than reading for knowledge. This can give impact to the students and also to the faculty. This is because the faculty of Information Management wants to produce the workers that have a quality and having knowledge in manages information, without reading is it hard to produce this kind of workers. After the student finish their studies, they will go for works, if they not works as what the employer want this can give impact for Faculty. Employer would dispute the ability faculty in produce are capable students in the world of works. In this field of studies, need the student read more than often because from reading student will know about the management of information and what they need to do. The first problem in this area is lack awareness about the important of reading. Reading habits can give them more knowledge not only in studies but also knowledge about worlds. The second problem is students are always narrowed in reading minds. They can only be read if asked or to complete their assignment. In fact, they prefer to read scientific material about such gossip. The third problem is the limited collection materials in the library and the lack of Internet services. When there are limited collections of materials in the library so students refer to not go to library and also they will read this limited collection and this will occur problem on student reading habits. Lack of using the internet or browsing internet the student will get not enough information and they will get limited information and this will make they have a limited knowledge. The forth problem is student easy to feel bored in reading especially read books and article without any picture. They refer to read the visual form of reading materials. This kind of reading concept would not make the student feel bored easily. Besides that, visual material of reading will help the student to faster remember their readings. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are as follows: To investigate the student awareness about the important of reading. To investigate frequency of student go to library. To investigate the materials of the student often to read and borrowed from library. To investigate the using of the internet by student; is that they use the internet to learn, reading or something else. To investigate is there any program being handle at the faculty to attract the student to go library and read; is it the student attend the program. RESEARCH QUESTION The research questions of this study are as follow: What is the purpose of reading for student? What is the frequency of the student come to library? How often the student come to reading program handle by the faculty and library? How much the materials that student read per day and how many material they borrowed from library? What the material the student often use to read and study; internet or printed materials? SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH The scope of this study is about the reading habits among student of Faculty of Information Management. How important reading habits in order to fulfill the career as a student, need of the student and ths will plays a big rle to produce the quality works and leading to successful academic person. This research is being conduct among student in Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, campus Puncak Perdana. The scope of this study are limited to two main areas, which is the contents of the study that is base on the title and the location of the study which is I have chose in Faculty of Information Management Campus Puncak Perdana, UITM, Shah Alam. The study of this research covers several elements. The elements are how often student go to library to make a reading for them self, how much materials they read per day, what kind material they read, and their ability in reading. The respondents for this study comprises of the students in Faculty Information Management and in this faculty there are four courses, IM220 (Library Science Management), IM221 (Information Systems Management), IM222 (Records Management), and IM223 (Resource Centers Management). This faculty located at University Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Seksyen U10, Shah Alam. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Independent Variable Dependent Variable Reading Skill Reading Habits Material Library services Reading Habits Program FIGURE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RELATIONSHIP INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES The conceptual framework indicates the relationship which consists of the dependent and independent variables. The framework denotes the four variables which causes to single variable which were affected by the independent variable. Reading habits is dependent variable, variance in which to be explained by the four independent variables which are reading skill, materials, library services, and reading habits programs. The independent variables in this case are reading habits skills, materials, library services, and reading habit programs. Thus, it is very important of the reading habits in produce the good future and ability in works, also can make a higher knowledge. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the reading habits. It can be seen clearly that the independent variables have influenced the dependent variable. This research indicate and elaborate clearly that the reading skill, materials, library services and reading habit programs in student life as an independent variables that will affect and support the student life, works and student futures by having the reading habits among themselves as a dependent variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Reading Habits According to North Regional Education Laboratory, definition of reading is, for many years, three basic definitions of reading have driven literacy programs in the United States (Foertsch, 1998). According to the first definition, learning to read means learning to pronounce words. According to the second definition, learning to read means learning to identify words and get their meaning. According to the third definition, learning to read means learning to bring meaning to a text in order to get meaning from it. But, according to the free dictionary, reading is the act or activity of one that reads. The definition of habits according to dictionary.com is, habits are an acquired behavior pattern regularly followed until it has become almost involuntary: the habit of looking both ways before crossing the street. Habits also can be define as a particular practice, custom, or usage, a dominant or regular disposition or tendency; prevailing character or quality. From both definition we can understand that reading habits is the act or activity of one that reads acquired behavior pattern as regularly followed until it has become almost involuntary.